Alcohol Drug Addiction And Domestic Violence Abuse Social Work Essay Essay Example

Alcohol Drug Addiction And Domestic Violence Abuse Social Work Essay Essay Most instances of maltreatment mark kids and adult females, and this causes trauma which may be irreversible even with intervention. Abuse victims may develop hapless impulse control, emphasis upsets, low ego regard, depression, drug maltreatment, fright, isolation, self-destruction and other unwanted traits. These effects have a negative bearing on kids and female parents since they affect assurance and ability to run into life ends. Separation, substance maltreatment, mental upsets and divorce are effects which adversely affect kids s development phases. Abused kids may retroflex maltreatment as grownups, which lengthen the force rhythm. This paper will briefly measure domestic force and drug maltreatment. Assorted facets of both domestic force and drug maltreatment will be explored. These include grounds for domestic force and drug maltreatment and intercessions for bar of the same. The relationship between domestic force and drug maltreatment will besides be discussed. The paper will turn out that the two have a double relationship and that domestic force leads to drug maltreatment and frailty poetry. All discussed issues will be summarized at the terminal of the paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Drug Addiction And Domestic Violence Abuse Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Drug Addiction And Domestic Violence Abuse Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Drug Addiction And Domestic Violence Abuse Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Domestic force is prevailing in society today. Over 60 % of households have experienced domestic force at some point ( Dutton, 2006 ) . In add-on, over half of domestic force instances are non reported. In most instances, assault was reported in household force, with still hunt, condemnable torment and menaces being other signifiers of maltreatment committed. In over 80 % of maltreatment instances, people familiar to victims performed abuse. More than 40 % of adult females are besides reported to hold experienced matrimonial colza. By and large, these statistics reveal that kids and adult females suffer the largest proportion of maltreatment, with this being performed by work forces they are in relationships with. Domestic maltreatment comprises over 10 % of the overall offense committed in US, which reveals the badness of the issue. It is imperative that maltreatment is analyzed in farther item and bar steps developed to stem this lifting offense. In add-on, few instances are reported due to shut relationships between victims and wrongdoers. When over 50 % of domestic force instances are unreported, so this has an inauspicious consequence on the household unit. It shows that societal values have been neglected and society has embraced the frailty, domestic force, and accepted it as a tolerable frailty. Since this is the instance, steps to deter this frailty should be taken. Alcohol and drug maltreatment Alcohol and drug maltreatment are major frailties confronting today s society. Drug maltreatment has become a frailty which threatens to destabilise society by making more societal perverts. Over 40 million people in US maltreatment drugs, and these consequence in over $ 50 billion being spent yearly to provide for medical intervention of victims ( Stimson, 2007 ) . Although intoxicant maltreatment is considered a mild drug of pick, the world is that it kills five times more adolescents than those who use all other drugs combined. This is attributed to the widespread nature of maltreatment and effects of actions of people who abuse it. For case, most fatal accidents caused by adolescents are attributed to alcohol maltreatment. More harmful drugs are being manufactured, and unless stairss are taken to eliminate drug usage, many adolescents and grownups will decease early due to harmful effects of drugs. For case, Methedrine is a new drug which drastically reduces the life span of maltreaters, and it is deriving popularity as the drug of pick. Drug usage is related to assorted societal frailties such as offenses, and these besides have a negative impact on society. As will be subsequently discussed, drug usage may take to domestic force. Drugs cause aggressiveness and impede the preparation of rational determinations, which may take to domestic force among users ( Learn about alcohol addiction web site, 2009 ) . The relationship between domestic force and drug usage will be analyzed in more item. Relationship between domestic force and drug maltreatment Domestic force and drug maltreatment have a double relationship, as has been discussed. This means that domestic force can take to drug maltreatment, and frailty poetry. When people are abused, or force used against them, they may see themselves as powerless and make up ones mind to bear the hurting. As will be subsequently discussed, there are many grounds which may do victims neglect to take action against their maltreaters. When this happens, victims may utilize drugs to ease their agony. They may develop depression and emphasis, and drugs may look effectual in easing the agony which they undergo. Drugs normally abused in these fortunes include intoxicant, nicotine and marihuana. However, harder drugs such as cocaine and diacetylmorphine are besides progressively being used to get away the worlds of life. These drugs are habit-forming, and unless users seek professional aid, they are normally unable to discontinue mistreating them. Drug maltreatment is hence seen as being caused b y domestic force. On the other manus, domestic force may be caused by drug maltreatment. When people abuse drugs, it makes them unable to do rational determinations. Drug abuse detaches people from world and when they commit household force, they may be unable to see the reverberations of their actions ( DeGrandpre, 2006 ) . Other drugs such as intoxicant and marihuanas make people more aggressive. Such people may project their aggression against their households through usage of household force. Domestic force is hence caused by drug maltreatment hence a double relationship. Reasons for domestic maltreatment Power and domination The quest for power contributes extremely to instances of domestic force. Some people need to rule others to experience they have power. These people use subjugation and maltreatment as tools to achieve power. Physical maltreatment enables them to do victims powerless over them. Economic maltreatment ensures that victims are dependent and can non get away maltreatment. Mental upsets, low esteem or emphasis may drive wrongdoers who use force to achieve power. Such maltreatment may be reversed through medicine and therapy with support from household. Drug maltreatment When people use drugs, they may be incognizant of effects of actions. They are unable to ground rationally and may fall back to mistreat. Peoples who live with drug maltreaters suffer most from effects of drugs including increasing crossness, psychotic beliefs, emphasis and other effects. These may take to domestic force and can be treated through medicine and curative intercessions. Socialization procedure Research reveals that kids who undergo maltreatment when immature may retroflex the maltreatment as grownups. Abused kids have higher opportunities of practising household force as grownups compared to those non abused. This is explained by the sociological theory where kids pattern things imparted on them during the sociological procedure. When they are abused, they may see it as portion of socialisation and they may perpetrate the same to their households as grownups. In add-on, kids who do non hold proper societal frailties imparted during socialisation are likely to perpetrate frailties such as drug usage. Stigma among victims Many victims suffer from stigma which hinders them from describing instances of domestic force. Wifes suffer from stigma in state of affairss where they prosecute their hubbies, due to kids s societal demands. Children require both parents for normal development and when one parent is jailed for a offense, kids are raised by individual parents. Fathers play functions such as guaranting security and economic wellbeing in households, and their absence may adversely impact kids s development. This hinders the coverage and prosecution of matrimonial colza instances by married womans and explains the high figure of matrimonial maltreatment instances globally. Reasons for intoxicant and drug dependence Labeling theory Sociological theories such as the labeling theory explain ground offenses are committed as the labeling of perverts as felons . This drives them to perpetrate offense in order to be consistent with society s outlooks. When people abuse drugs and intoxicant, the society labels them as drug users and segregates them. Such people form societal groups in which they view themselves as castawaies and get down arising against societal norms. Since society perceives them as drug users , they are likely to go on mistreating drugs in order to conform to society s outlooks. Stress and depression Stress is a major factor which drives people to mistreat drugs. When people are stressed, they lose hope and expression for alternate agencies of alleviating the emphasis. Many opt to utilize drugs, and the common drug abused due to emphasize is intoxicant. Alcohol detaches victims from life s worlds and they temporarily bury their jobs. This is why it is their drug of pick. Other drugs abused due to emphasize include marihuanas, cocaine, diacetylmorphine and others. All these drugs are habit-forming and have potential to detach users from world. This may take to the committee of violent Acts of the Apostless by drug users. Victims of force may include household members, therefore domestic force. Geneticss Although research on this position of intoxicant maltreatment has been inconclusive, there is grounds that household history plays a function in maltreatment of intoxicant. Families which have histories of alcohol addiction study higher incidence of maltreatment of intoxicant than those which do non hold such histories. This may be linked to exposure to alcohol at early ages. In such households, kids may be exposed to alcohol at an early age hence the development of alcohol addiction. Such kids begin devouring intoxicant at early ages, become addicted and mistreat it as grownups. Summary and decision Assorted facets of domestic force and drug usage have been discussed. Domestic force and drug usage are two major societal frailties which threaten the stableness of society. Domestic force instances are really common in society although most instances go unreported. This is associated with stigma which victims are exposed to when they are abused by close household members. Drug usage is seen to adversely impact the wellness of users, with immense costs being used to handle drug users. In add-on, many human deaths are caused by drug usage, with intoxicant maltreatment being a taking cause of drug-related human deaths. The double relationship between domestic maltreatment and drug usage has besides been discussed. Drug usage leads to domestic maltreatment and frailty poetry. Both frailties should hence be fought manus in manus in order to accomplish the desirable consequences. However, drug usage and domestic force are two complicated jobs which should be dealt with carefully due to their impacts on the household unit. Most of domestic force instances are unreported due to stigma faced by victims. It is of import to publicise both frailties and do the society more cognizant of them in order for assorted intercessions to be effectual. The barriers which lead to high rates of committee of the offense including weak Torahs and stigma should besides be removed. This will ease coverage and prosecution of more wrongdoers who commit these offenses. Other intercessions needed to be implemented to cut down instances of drug usage and domestic force will be discussed below ; Recommendations on cut downing household force Legislation Legislation plays a important function in moving as hindrance to offense. Many people can non perpetrate offense due to fear of reverberations. In undertaking domestic maltreatment, a similar attack is effectual since rough reverberations will discourage wrongdoers ( Johnson A ; Ferraro, 2004 ) .. Parliament around the universe should develop harsher statute law to cover with domestic maltreatment and drug usage since it is a important societal job. This will cut down committee of both frailties since the long sentences to maltreaters will deter these offenses. Rehabilitation Victims of drug usage and domestic maltreatment demand shelters and aid to reconstruct their lives. Rehabilitation shelters should offer victims an environment off from maltreatment, where they can seek medical, fiscal and legal aid to enable them get the better of the maltreatment they experience. This will promote victims to describe maltreatment and buffer them against inauspicious economic effects of coverage maltreatment, in instance the culprit was the breadwinner. Victims in rehabilitation centres should besides entree guidance in order to cut down injuries caused by domestic and drug maltreatment. Socialization procedure Proper socialisation will guarantee that kids are cognizant of societal frailties. They need to hold societal virtuousnesss and consciousness on effects of perpetrating offenses such as drug usage and household force. When kids have societal virtuousnesss, they are improbable to perpetrate these frailties. The household unit is responsible for transfusing these virtuousnesss ; hence parents should educate their kids against drug usage. The society should utilize negative intercessions to deter committee of household force and drug usage. This will guarantee that these frailties are non tolerable in society and it will deter their committee. Public instruction Harmonizing to Hamel and Nicholls ( 2007 ) , instruction is really effectual in cut downing maltreatment. The populace should be educated at single, society and household degrees on domestic maltreatment and drug usage. When people are educated about societal frailties, they are cognizant of how they can cover with them and deter their committee. Abuse marks from victims should be discussed in order to do society study suspected maltreatment instances. Cooperation with jurisprudence hatchet mans will besides assist eliminate this frailty through more prosecution of culprits. In add-on, shelters for victims should be publicized to guarantee victims seek justness. Education on maltreatment will forestall the standardization of maltreatment in households.

Eco 561 Week 3 Essays

Eco 561 Week 3 Essays Eco 561 Week 3 Essay Eco 561 Week 3 Essay Market Structure Denise M. Minor ECO 561 Week 3 Individual Assignment Professor John Lindvall November 11, 2010 Market Structure Thomas Money Services started out as a consumer finance company granting small loans for household needs. Over the years, the company expanded by issuing business loans, financing acquisitions and commercial real estate loans. The company also became involved in financing equipment through a subsidiary named Future Growth Inc. (FGI). Thomas Money Services acquired a lot of lucrative business opportunities over the years. However, the fall of the economy has caused profits to decrease resulting in layoffs. This proposal will provide recommendations on increasing revenue, achieving normal production levels, and ways to reduce cost. First, in order for Thomas Money Service to increase revenue, the company should produce enough quantity until their marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MR=MC). Currently, marginal costs are above marginal costs, causing a decline in profits. Equilibrium was determined through graphing both marginal revenue and marginal costs. The equilibrium occurs when the company produces an output of 7 with marginal costs of $88 and marginal revenue of $14,000. It is apparent that the company is not a monopoly because marginal revenue would always equal marginal costs (Perloff, 2007). Another way that the company can increase revenue without changing the price is through advertising. Advertising could assist the company by providing consumers with information regarding the products and services provided through the company. Information provided suggested that at an output of 1 the product’s elasticity of demand at -26. However outputs of 7 and more became less elastic, causing the product to eventually become inelastic after outputs of 13. This inelasticity suggests that consumers purchasing behavior did not change because the price changed. Therefore, in order for the company to increase revenue, they should produce quantities that sustain equal levels of marginal revenue and marginal costs. Thomas Money Services is a competitive firm and should therefore set their quantity to maximize profit because they cannot affect market price (p. 76). In order for the company to achieve normal production levels they must produce at quantities that will keep marginal revenue and marginal costs at equilibrium. By graphing both marginal revenue and marginal costs, Thomas Money should produce at an output of 7 in order to achieve normal production levels. Average total cost for an output of 7 = 203. 3, which is the average fixed cost plus the average variable cost. In determining how much the company should produce in or to maximize profit, both total revenue and total cost were graphed. Profit is the total revenue minus the total costs (Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization, 2010). When graphing total revenue and total costs, we can determine how much should be produced. There was a large difference between the total revenue and total cost curve, at a quantity of 7. Therefore, the company should produce an output of 7 in order to maximize profits and increase normal production levels. In order for the company to increase revenue and achieve normal production levels, fixed and variable costs may need to be determined. Fixed costs cannot be adjusted to maximize profits because they have no affect on price or output. Variable costs can be adjusted according to the amount of output produced. Therefore, the company can adjust variable costs upon changing the technology used for production. This can be done through innovative machines that could produce products without having to pay more laborers to get the job done. The variable cost should be decreased, which will cause marginal costs to decrease, thus causing the profit maximizing quantity to increase (2010). In conclusion, the economic downturn has affected Thomas Money Services monetarily. Understanding ways of increasing revenue in times of economic crisis is important for the company to maintain and even maximize profits. Achieving normal production levels is also important because the company should be aware of maximizing profits without spending a lot of money on production. Furthermore, understanding fixed and variable costs help make decisions regarding both increasing profits and decreasing costs. Therefore, understanding economic concepts help to understand how to make executive decisions and recommendations which help organizations maintain profitability in times of economic turmoil. References Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization. (2010). Retrieved November 11, 2010, from Pearson Education: http://wps. pearsoncustom. com/pcp_90734_uop_casefair/109/27997/7167399. cw/index. html Perloff, J. M. (2007). Microeconomics. Boston, MA: Pearson Addison Wesley.

Lindas and The Womans Stockings as a motiv of play death of a salesman Assignment

Lindas and The Womans Stockings as a motiv of play death of a salesman - Assignment Example In this essay we would be analyzing the motifs used in the story with special focus on the motif of the woman’s ‘stockings’. The first time the motif of the stockings appears in the play is when the characters are younger. Willy complains to Linda that he would be unable to pay the bills since people do not like him and he is bad at his job. It is at this juncture that he day dreams about his mistress who laughingly flirts with him and thanks him for the stockings he gave her. The image of the stocking portrays his infidelity and his deceit towards Linda because it is her stockings that he takes and gives it to his mistress. The image of the stockings appears again when Willy’s elder son Biff discovers his father with his mistress in their hotel room in Boston. The significance and meaning the stockings take on here is one of deceit and ingenuity. Biff accuses his father of giving the woman Linda’s stockings and hates him for it. The stockings in this context describes Willy’s ingenuity because he let’s his family down by going after a woman of cheap repute. As the story progresses, the stockings are shown to hold the significant meaning of Willy’s guilt. Willy becomes obsessed with Linda’s stockings and when he sees her mending some stockings he shouts at her and asks her to throw them out. The image of the stockings in this part of the story describes Willy’s remorse brought on by his infidelity. He is unable to bear the sight of the stockings because it reminded him of his infidelity towards his wife. The image of the stockings is used by the author as a metaphorical device to describe sexual infidelity and betrayal which are strong symbols in the story. The image of new stockings is very importantly used to depict Willy’s pride of being able to financially support his family and also to show his guilt in betraying

Succeed essay Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Succeed essay - Term Paper Example The basic assumption of the current report is that although extracurricular activities are blamed by some for a decrease in academic performance, they are actually a vital part of education that help students to succeed, giving students better skills at time management, and fewer opportunities to get into trouble during the time in which school is closed for academics. adjustment skills and possibly pathological problems later in life. These activities can be considered to be extracurricular activities, because they show (although part-time jobs are not always enjoyable) â€Å"the value of safe, structured, and enjoyable opportunities†¦ unstructured afternoons, weekends, and early evenings are particularly risky times for youth† (Kahne et. al, 2001). Extracurricular activities are primarily thought of in terms of social interest, diversity, sociability, and the formation of an appropriate and successful resume or application. Generally, extracurricular activities can be divided by broad parameters of athletic and artistic activities, with various sub-categorical definitions. Scholars point out that â€Å"large-scale quantitative and qualitative studies find evidence that extracurricular activities foster educational attainment, identity development, and social integration into adult society† (Anderson et. al, 2001). Without extracurricular activities, students face increased risks. The lack of positive patterns of rule enforcement in schools can, in extreme cases, lead students to form horrifyingly negative structural patterns of behavior that are then taken back into the institution in terrifying ways. Socialization currents tend to flow backwards in unstructured and unsupervised time for adolescents who do not have more positive ways in which to occupy their time, or the social guidance that seems to be so crucial in terms of deterring or redirecting negative energy. â€Å"An increasing

Interview Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview Questions - Assignment Example Applied Interview Questions The research initiative developed five interview questions that it administered to four individuals within the stated age groups. The following five questions were used, Who is your best friend? Why? Is it fair to judge people? Is it good to express anger? Does God really exist? At what age should people get married? Summary of Each Child’s Developmental Status Preschooler The child, at this stage, has not developed strong cognitive ability and is significantly immature as compared to an adult, with respect to reasoning. Thoughts appear to be specific, restricted, and offered only one at a time. At the same time, the child cannot connect occurrences with their causes to explain causal relationships. Even though members of the group can identify observations such as in nature, they still do not know what drives such occurrences. They also offer personalized responses to questions. In the interview, for instance, the child could identify her best frie nd but the reason for such friendship is misunderstood. This is because their often plays are a consequent of their closeness and not vice versa. The answer with respect to judgment also expresses the level of cognitive ability, as the child seems to have answered the question without considering factors around actions that might have lead to subject situations. Based on the response, the child thinks that people should be judged simply because of their involvement in an act without considering factors towards such actions. The same argument applies to the child’s response with respect to anger to mean that as long as people have emotions, they are free to express them without considering the emotions’ possible impacts. This is also observed in the other questions (Tuckman & Monetti, 2010). Elementary School Student A child’s development ability is more advanced at this stage and a higher level of reasoning is demonstrated. Even though much of the child’s thoughts are still self-centered, there is application of trial and error in application of logical reasoning. Operational reasoning towards comparability is, however, less developed within the age group who may miss rationality on value measurements. Results of the interview questions reflect the difference between the preschooler and the elementary school pupil. The child’s reason for his best friendship is for example more rational that that of the preschooler as it identifies a mutual relationship besides offer from the friend as a driver. Even though the response to the judgment question was not accompanied by the interviewee’s reason, the child’s opinion that it is not fair to judge people shows some rationality towards social and environmental factors that may force people into adverse actions. The other responses correspond to those offered by the preschooler and indicates that the two groups are close to each other in terms of cognitive development (Tu ckman & Monetti, 2010). Middle School Level Child The child at the middle level school has developed more ability that the previous two groups. The group can adequately apply rationale in comparing objects’ values, a property that was lacking in the preschooler and the elementary school children. The child has also, at this stage, developed operational abilities and

Characteristics of Renaissance Art in the Last Supper

Characteristics of Renaissance Art in the Last Supper It is agreed that the Renaissance was a period of great art and architectural feats and ingenuity, during which artists looked back to the classical art of Greece and Rome from which to draw inspiration. This influence can easily be seen in the many paintings and sculpture that came out of the Renaissance. However, the conservative nature of the period, the subject matter, and the restrictions imposed upon artists of that time kept the Renaissance from truly becoming a return to the classics of Greece and Rome. The most obvious factor in the difference between the two artistic periods is the predominant subject matter the artists of the time chose. In ancient Greece and Rome, the subject matter most popular among artists were depictions of myths, war, or intellectual figures: statues of the gods decorated nearly every significant architectural landmark of the time. Being a Christian society, the art of the Renaissance did not simply depict various bible stories, but also moral stories permeated with religious allusions and symbolism. The Sistine Chapel is just one example among the many depictions of the creation, Madonna figures, and religious icons that existed in that era. However, there were some artists, such as Botticelli who depicted mythological figures as religious icons such as Botticellis Birth of Venus, which put the Greek goddess into a Christian context. Artists from both periods experienced problem with completing and preserving works. In Ancient Greece and later Rome, because of frequent war and the threat of invasion, many of the bronze sculptures that existed were melted down so that the metal could be used for weaponry. In addition to that, the construction of the pieces was often so weak that they would break, usually at joints such as the ankles because they couldnt support the weight of the piece indefinitely, or other limbs that were too fragile to withstand any kinds of damages. Because artists of the Renaissance were often commissioned by wealthy patrons or the church, they had to work within the guidelines given by the patrons which limited the freedom with which they could compose a piece. Even for artists such as Michaelangelo, often times, funding for commissions would be limited or discontinued altogether, forcing the artist to either leave the piece unfinished or scale down the size of the original project. Although Renaissance art was based on Greek and Roman schools of thought and art, the subtle stylistic differences between the two periods are reflective of the ideals of beauty at the time. Greek sculpture often depicted highly idealized figures- usually young, athletic men and women- in extremely melodramatic poses, while figures of the Renaissance were more realistically rendered- such as van Eycks which even showed the flaws of those who posed for the pieces instead of beautifying them- but still remained slightly melodramatic in at least facial expression if not posture. Though it attempted to revive the classical art of Ancient Greece and Rome, the Renaissance instead simply modified the style and applied it to its own tastes. Artists of both times sought to appeal to the general public with what was popular at the time- war, myth and melodrama in Ancient Greece and Rome, religious icons and pleasing the patron in the Renaissance. Leonardos Last Supper is a priceless piece of art with much hidden meaning and obvious talents bestowed upon a wall. Under the study of Verrocchio as a painter and a sculptor, he was able to use his skills in creating a very detailed and a very naturalistic piece of work that would be remembered for hundreds of years. He was also able to create characters with amazing individuality. Not only was his portrayal of the characters magnificent, but the symbolism he used which emphasized the story being told in the Last Supper. Lodovico Sforza chose Leonardo to create The Last Supper in the refectory of the Dominican Church of S. Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The Abate of the S. Maria delle Grazie saw Leonardo work from morning until night on The Last Supper without eating. Although, there were times he would stop painting for days at a time; or, he would work on a specific character for just a few moments and then leave to continue working on it later. He worked on it from 1495 thru 1498 (Strauss, 27). Before Leonardo began painting the actual portrait, he put down a substance which was suppose to absorb the tempora and protect the tempora from the moisture on the wall. Unfortunately, the substance was proved unsuccessful, and by 1517 it began to deteriorate. In May 1556 a painter Giovanni Batista Armenini said that the painting was so badly affected that nothing is visible but a mass of blots'(Heydenreich, 18). The painting has continued to decay in the following centuries. It was further damaged by restorations made by careless artists and by the addition of a doorway put in the lower part of the painting. Yet even to this day his painting The Last Supper is widely known and visited by many tourists each year. The remembrance of the Last Supper could be due to the sacredness of the parting meal. It is quite obvious that the skill used in the creation of the Last Supper was magnificent. Although, the way Leonardo allows its viewers to depict the scene from a specific point in the Bible adds to the importance and significance of the painting in which no other artist could even compare. He does allow the viewer to recognize this scene by the gestures of both the Lord and the Apostles. The Lord sits ever so quietly while the Apostles rise in reaction to what the Lord had just announced. It is rather obvious that Leonardo chose the critical moment after the Lord had stated, Verily I say unto you that one of you shall betray me, because of the emotions that evolve in this specific scene (Matt. 26.21). He took much time to express every detail of each Apostle and the Lord. Leonardo had even wrote in one of his notebooks that A good painter has two chief objects to paint man and the intention of his soul. The former is easy, the latter hard because he has to represent it by the attitude and movement of the limbs(Heydenreich, 27). For example, the Lord is very relaxed with his arms resting on the table which adds to the portrayal of His greatness. He also emphasized the Lords greatness by giving Him a serious attitude and by presenting Him as untouchable with the space between Himself and the Apostles. The distance put between them is called the spacial perspective, which is one of the techniques Leonardo feels is important in naturalistic art. Although, the Apostles are painted in a more restless fashion. They are all facing different ways and seem to be jumping out of their seats. Even the grouping of the apostles in three was done intentionally. He used four groups of three Apostles in each group in order to symbolize the Holy Trinity which means three, and the  four groups were used to symbolize the Gospels and the Cardinal Virtues . He was very cautious in every aspect of his painting from the placement of the figures to the movement they each possessed. Leonardo had to create actions and various postures which would be appropriate for each figure in order to keep them from looking as if they were brothers. Monica Strauss stated that in her research she had found that for the first time in the history of the subject, Leonardo had distinguished each one by appearance and gesture(Strauss, 27). For each of the twelve Apostles he had to not only resort to the historical information on their names and on their appearances but also by the portrayal of their specific qualities as they are known to us from the Gospels. For instance, Judas was put outside the circle of the innocent Apostles and only his shadowed  profile can be found. He is the only one to be found sitting in the shadows and in solitude. This allows the viewer to see the guilt he had, for he knew he was the one who would betray the Lord Jesus. He is also frozen in shock, and he is an outcast in the group. The significance of the portrayal of Judas is very important because in earlier pictures of the Last Supper, no one had ever been able to show this (Heydenreich, 57). Peter and John, located at the sides of Judas, were both painted with bright heads and with outstretched hands to the Lord Jesus which signify their fateful connection with Him. Yet, he distinguishes their differences by showing Peter to be more stubborn and argumentative and John to be more gentle and submissive as the Bible has thoroughly explained. Philip, on the other hand, stands up in excitement; and, he puts his hands on his chest to express a tender loyalty towards Christ. Andrew is found next to his brother Peter. Then, there is James the Greater, the older brother of John, who  touches Peters shoulder and forms a link with Peter and John. These three are those who witnessed the Transfiguration and who accompanied Jesus to the Garden of Gethsemane (Matt. 17.1; 26.36-37). Leonardo continued to distinguish each of the Apostles as he felt necessary. He placed James the Less, the Lords brother (Gal. 1.19), to the Lord Jesuss right where he is like Him in feature and with outstretched arms; but, his gesture is only a reaction and not an expression of a completed action like the Lord Jesuss. Behind James the Less stands the doubting Thomas who is known to share a common feast day . St. Matthew is next and finally comes St. Jude, who is the brother of James the Less and St.  Simon. James the Less and St. Simon were martyred together so they too have a common feast day. Leonardo not only arranged the Apostles in four groups according to kinship and the personal links they shared, but each of the twelve Apostles exhibit an emotional and temperamental reaction appropriate to the character attributed to him in the Gospels. Each disciple reacted in his own way, as men. Leonardo had said, Emotions move the face of man in different ways, for o! ne laughs, another weeps, one becomes gay, another sad, one shows anger, another pity, some are amazed, others reflective. In these the hands and the whole person should follow the expression of the face, (Heydenreich, 57). He made sure he portrayed this in his Last Supper. The Lord Jesus was also given qualities that distinguished Him from everyone else. The Lord Jesuss hands are laid in a resting fashion on the table. His hands lie between the filled cup and the unbroken bread, the symbols of sacrifice, as if pointing in a silent gesture towards them. He seems to relay a message that His business has not yet been completed. Only the objects in front of Him remain in order, as does He remain calm, unlike the objects in front of the Apostles which are in disarray, as are the Apostles also in an unorderly emotional state of confusion. Leonardo uses the description of the  table to symbolize the state in which the Apostles and the Lord Jesus are in. For this reason, Leonardo not only uses the characters to portray the story but also the objects and the structures which encampeth around them. Leonardo used the beautiful background motif of the pedimented doorway, which was centered behind the Lord Jesus, in order to emphasize the Lord Jesuss greatness. It acted as a crown of glory hovering over His head. The surrounding walls and ceiling, where tapestries hung, were not in natural perspective but in an idealized one. The surroundings were unrelated to any spectator in the room. The same can be said of the characters in the portrait. Their scale and grandeur is other worldly, but their emotional distress is obviously human. He created the characters as if they were each on their own frontal plane. He also put a painted border around the painting which cut off most of the ceiling and the walls. These two modifying factors caused the characters to seem to leap out of the portrait. The Last Supper portrayed very individualistic characters which have made Leonardos piece of work stand out from all the others who also have tried to create the Last Supper; but, talented Leonardo was able to perfect his creation with his perspective of atmosphere and color. Leonardo had said, If we see that the true quality of colours is known through light, it is to be concluded that where there is more light, the true quality of the illuminated colour is better seen; and where there is more darkness, the colour is tinged with the colour of that darkness, (Heydenreich, 65). Later he concluded with, Nothing ever looks to be its real colour, if the light which strikes it is not all of that colour, (Heydenreich, 65). He used his theory in his painting to make it more realistic. He used two sources of light which came from the last gleams of the dying day which entered from behind the window with its charming view of the countryside and from the window in the refectory itself. He claimed to have painted in tones of light, when he created his Last Supper (Heydenreich, 66). Rosci had said that it is possible that he may have given the advice on the construction of the rectangular refectory because of the illusion the light gives the paint! ing (108). The two zones of light make it possible for Leonardo to give his characters a very finely graduated relief (Heydenreich, 70). Leonardo caused the colors of Christs garments, a red tunic and a blue cloak, to reflect in the pewter plate in front of him; and, similarly the plate in front of Philip reflects the red of his cloak. The colors of the Apostles robes are distributed across the painting in a wonderful array of colors. To the right of the Lord, the pale green tunic of James the Less forms a transition between the Lords blue cloak and the red robe of Philip, whose blue sleeves are just a shade brighter than the tone of Christs cloak. There is also a mixture of colors in the second group on the right of the Lord. Matthew is clothed in bright blue, which together with Judes ochre tunic and Simons violet cloak forms a perfect three note chord. Even in the group to the left of the Lord, consisting of John, Peter, and Judas; emphasizes the blending of colors. Judass greyish blue garment is the only one whose tone remains indefinite and dull which was formed from Johns dark, rust red cloak and bluish green tunic and Peters dark blue sleeve. In the outer left hand group, which stands in the darker background, Andrews green cloak over a yellow garment, James the Greaters reddish clothing, and Bartholomews violet blue tunic and dark olive cloak form a carefully equivalent to the outer right hand group, which stands in bright light. From one side of the Lord Jesus to the other the colors go from light primary tones to dark subtle blends. All of this coloration is due to the effect that light has o!n colors. Leonardo really believed that the perspective of light was important because it ensured to make the Last Supper as realistic as possible. Leonardo believed that naturalization was harmony between mental and physical motion. He accomplished the correspondence between physical movement and mental emotion by the pause between two great emotions which are the momentarily stiffening at an extreme point of excitement and at the horror of being startled out of tranquility (Heydenreich, 67). The painting portrays both expression and emotion. This combination complements each other. The expressions allow the viewers to see the emotions the characters are feeling. Their frozen movement allows one to see they are human. We can see both their outward and inward reactions. It is as if Leonardo had been there, and he had taken a picture of the marvelous meal. He definitely accomplished his goal in portraying his Last Supper as a realistic piece of art. The symbolism, the individualized personalities of the characters, and the skills such as the light perspective and spacial perspective blended together to fo!rm a photograph-like pai nting.

Reflection on a Significant Incident from Practice Essay -- Nursing Re

Introduction Ethics can be defined as a system of moral conduct and principles that guide a person’s actions in regard to what are considered to be right and wrong (Marquis & Huston, 2012). Nurse managers make decisions each day about their patients, their employees and their organization. According to Marquis & Huston (2012), management is a discipline not a profession and because of that management lacks the set of norms to guide ethical decision making. Therefore managers’ decisions are made based upon the organization’s values and ethical principles. The American Nurse Association (ANA) code of ethics is a set of principles that help both nurses and nurse managers to solve ethical problems. This paper will discuss a case study involving the unsafe practice of a student nurse in clinical and the professional responsibility of the hospital and the nursing school. In addition, the Moral Decision Making Model will be applied to the ethical scenario and two ethical principles that are appropriate for this scenario will be identified. This is a case study of a student nurse whose performance in clinical is unsafe. According to Killam, Montgomery, Luhanga, Adamic, & Carter (2010), an unsafe student is defined as a student who performances in clinical place the client or staff in either physical or emotional jeopardy. From the case study from NetCE (2014), JC is a senior nursing student who chose the intensive care unit (ICU) to complete her university nursing program requirement of a 200 hour practicum. Within the first week of the 6 week practicum, JC’s preceptor reported to the ICU nurse manager that JC dresses inappropriately for work, has an arrogant attitude towards staff members, and is always discussing the amount of money... ...s of unsafe nursing students in clinical learning. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 7(1), 1p. Killam, L. A., Luhanga, F., & Bakker, D. (2011). Characteristics of unsafe undergraduate nursing students in clinical practice: An integrative literature review. Journal of Nursing Education, 50(8), 437-446. NetCE. (2014). Course # 3707 ethical decision making. Retrieved from http://www.netce.com/casestudies.php?courseid=700 Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2012). Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McNamara, S. (2012). Incivility in nursing: unsafe nurse, unsafe patients. AORN Journal, 95(4), 535-540 Scanlan, J., Care, W., & Gessler, S. (2001). Dealing with the unsafe student in clinical practice. Nurse Educator, 26(1), 23-27.